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Using Java Flight Recorder

This guide explains how Java Flight Recorder (JFR) can be extended to provide additional insight into your Quarkus application. JFR records various information from the Java standard API and JVM as events. By adding the Quarkus JFR extension, you can add custom Quarkus events to JFR. This will help you solve potential problems in your application.

JFR can be preconfigured to dump a file, and when the application exits, JFR will output the file. The file will contain the content of the JFR event stream to which Quarkus custom events have also been added. You can, of course, get this file at any time you want, even if your application exits unexpectedly.

Prerequisites

To complete this guide, you need:

Roughly 15 minutes
An IDE
JDK 17+ installed with JAVA_HOME configured appropriately
Apache Maven 3.9.9
Optionally the Quarkus CLI if you want to use it
Optionally Mandrel or GraalVM installed and configured appropriately if you want to build a native executable (or Docker if you use a native container build)

Architecture

In this guide, we create a straightforward REST application to demonstrate JFR usage.

Creating the Maven project

First, we need a new project. Create a new project with the following command:

CLI

quarkus create app org.acme:jfr-quickstart \
    --extension='quarkus-rest,quarkus-jfr' \
    --no-code
cd jfr-quickstart

To create a Gradle project, add the --gradle or --gradle-kotlin-dsl option.

For more information about how to install and use the Quarkus CLI, see the Quarkus CLI guide.

Maven

mvn io.quarkus.platform:quarkus-maven-plugin:3.16.1:create \
    -DprojectGroupId=org.acme \
    -DprojectArtifactId=jfr-quickstart \
    -Dextensions='quarkus-rest,quarkus-jfr' \
    -DnoCode
cd jfr-quickstart

To create a Gradle project, add the -DbuildTool=gradle or -DbuildTool=gradle-kotlin-dsl option.

For Windows users:

If using cmd, (don’t use backward slash \ and put everything on the same line)
If using Powershell, wrap -D parameters in double quotes e.g. "-DprojectArtifactId=jfr-quickstart"

This command generates the Maven project and imports the Quarkus JFR extension, which includes the default JFR support.

If you already have your Quarkus project configured, you can add the JFR extension to your project by running the following command in your project base directory:

CLI

quarkus extension add quarkus-jfr

Maven

./mvnw quarkus:add-extension -Dextensions='quarkus-jfr'

Gradle

./gradlew addExtension --extensions='quarkus-jfr'

This will add the following to your build file:

pom.xml

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.quarkus</groupId>
    <artifactId>quarkus-jfr</artifactId>
</dependency>

build.gradle

implementation("io.quarkus:quarkus-jfr")

Examine the Jakarta REST resource

Create a src/main/java/org/acme/jfr/JfrResource.java file with the following content:

package org.acme.jfr;

import jakarta.ws.rs.GET;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Path;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Produces;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.MediaType;

@Path("/hello")
public class JfrResource {

    @GET
    @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)
    public String hello() {
        return "hello";
    }
}

Notice that there is no JFR specific code included in the application. By default, requests sent to this endpoint will be recorded into JFR without any required code changes.

Running Quarkus applications and JFR

Now we are ready to run our application. We can launch the application with JFR configured to be enabled from the startup of the Java Virtual Machine.

CLI

quarkus dev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

Maven

./mvnw quarkus:dev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

Gradle

./gradlew --console=plain quarkusDev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

With the Java Flight Recorder and the application running, we can make a request to the provided endpoint:

$ curl http://localhost:8080/hello
hello

This is all that is needed to write the information to JFR.

Save the JFR events to a file

As mentioned above, the Quarkus application was configured to also start JFR at startup and dump it to a myrecording.jfr when it terminates. So we can get the file when we hit CTRL+C or type q to stop the application.

Or, we can also dump it with the jcmd command.

jcmd <PID> JFR.dump name=quarkus filename=myrecording.jfr

Running the jcmd command give us a list of running Java processes and the PID of each process.

Open JFR dump file

We can open a JFR dump using two tools: the jfr CLI and JDK Mission Control (JMC). It is also possible to read them using JFR APIs, but we won’t go into that in this guide.

jfr CLI

The jfr CLI is a tool included in OpenJDK. The executable file is $JAVA_HOME/bin/jfr. We can use the jfr CLI to see a list of events limited to those related to Quarkus in the dump file by running the following command:

jfr print --categories quarkus myrecording.jfr

JDK Mission Control

JMC is essentially a GUI for JFR. Some Java distributions include JMC, but if not, you need to download it manually.

To see a list of events using JMC, first we load the JFR file in JMC as follows.

jmc -open myrecording.jfr

After opening the JFR file, we have two options. One is to view the events as a tabular list, and the other is to view the events on the threads in which they occurred, in chronological order.

To view Quarkus events in tabular style, select the Event Browser on the left side of JMC, then open the Quarkus event type tree on the right side of JMC.

To see Quarkus events in chronological order on a thread, select the Java application and Threads on the left side of JMC.

The standard configuration does not show Quarkus events. We have to do three tasks to see the Quarkus events.

Right-click and select Edit Thread Activity Lanes….
Select the plus button to add a new lane on the left side, then check to display that lane.
Select Quarkus as the event type that lane will display and press OK.

JDK Mission Control Edit Thread Activity Lanes

Now we can see the Quarkus events per thread.

This extension is able to records multiple JFR events concurrently (emitted by different threads or from the same thread in the case of the reactive execution model). Thus, events might overlap in JMC. This could make it difficult for you to see the events you want to see. To avoid this, we recommend to use Request IDs to filter events so that you only see the information about the requests you want to see.

Events

Identifying Requests

This extension collaborates with the OpenTelemetry extension. The events recorded by this extension have a trace ID and a span ID. These are recorded with the OpenTelemetry IDs respectively.

This means that after we identify the trace and span IDs of interest from the UI provided by the OpenTelemetry implementation, we can immediately jump to the details in JFR using those IDs.

If we have not enabled the OpenTelemetry extension, this extension creates an ID for each request and links it to JFR events as a traceId. In this case, the span ID will be null.

For now, Quarkus only records REST events, but we plan to use this ID to link each event to each other as we add more events in the future.

Event Implementation Policy

When JFR starts recording an event, the event does not record to JFR yet, but when it commits that event, the event is recorded. Therefore, events that have started recording at dump time but have not yet been committed are not dumped. This is unavoidable due to the design of JFR. This means that events are not recorded forever if there are prolonged processing. Therefore, you will not be aware of prolonged processing.

To solve this problem, Quarkus can also record start and end events at the beginning and end of processing. These events are disabled by default. However, we can enable these events in JFR, as described below.

REST API Event

This event is recorded when either the Quarkus REST or RESTEasy extension is enabled. The following three JFR events are recorded as soon as REST server processing is complete.

REST: Records the time period from the start of the REST server process to the end of the REST server process.
RestStart: Records the start of the REST server process.
RestEnd: Records the end of the REST server process.

These events have the following information.

HTTP Method
URI
Resource Class
Resource Method
Client

HTTP Method records the HTTP Method accessed by the client. This will record a string of HTTP methods such as GET, POST, DELETE, and other general HTTP methods.

URI records the URI path accessed by the client. This does not include host names or port numbers.

Resource Class records the class that was executed. We can check whether the Resource Class was executed as expected by the HTTP Method and URI.

Resource Method records the method that was executed. We can check if the Resource Method was executed as expected by the HTTP Method and URI.

Client records information about the accessing client.

Native Image

Native executables supports Java Flight Recorder. This extension also supports native executables.

To enable JFR on native executables, it is usually built with --enable-monitoring. However, we can enable JFR in Quarkus native executables by adding jfr to the configuration property quarkus.native.monitoring. There are two ways to set up this configuration: by including it in the application.properties or by specifying it at build time.

The first method is to first configure settings in application.properties.

quarkus.native.monitoring=jfr

Then build your native executable as usual:

CLI

quarkus build --native

Maven

./mvnw install -Dnative

Gradle

./gradlew build -Dquarkus.native.enabled=true

The second way is to pass -Dquarkus.native.monitoring=jfr at build time:

CLI

quarkus build --native -Dquarkus.native.monitoring=jfr

Maven

./mvnw install -Dnative -Dquarkus.native.monitoring=jfr

Gradle

./gradlew build -Dquarkus.native.enabled=true -Dquarkus.native.monitoring=jfr

Once you have finished building the native executable, you can run the native application with JFR as follows:

target/your-application-runner -XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr

Note that at this time, Mandrel and GraalVM cannot record JFR for Windows native executables.

JFR configuration

We can use the JFR CLI to configure the events that JFR will record. The configuration file, JFC file, is in XML format, so we can modify it with a text editor. However, it is recommended to use jfr configure, which is included in OpenJDK by default.

Here we create a configuration file in which REST Start and REST End events are recorded (they are not recorded by default):

jfr configure --input default.jfc +quarkus.RestStart#enabled=true +quarkus.RestEnd#enabled=true --output custom-rest.jfc

This creates custom-rest.jfc as a configuration file with recording for RestStart and RestEnd enabled.

Now we are ready to run our application with the new settings. We launch the application with JFR configured so that it is enabled from the startup of the Java Virtual Machine.

CLI

quarkus dev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,settings=./custom-rest.jfc,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

Maven

./mvnw quarkus:dev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,settings=./custom-rest.jfc,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

Gradle

./gradlew --console=plain quarkusDev -Djvm.args="-XX:StartFlightRecording=name=quarkus,settings=./custom-rest.jfc,dumponexit=true,filename=myrecording.jfr"

Adding new events

This section is for those who would like to add new events to this extension.

We recommend that new events be associated with existing events. Associations are useful when looking at the details of a process that is taking a long time. For example, a general REST application retrieves the data needed for processing from a datastore. If REST events are not associated with datastore events, it is impossible to know which datastore events were processed in each REST request. When the two events are associated, we know immediately which datastore event was processed in each REST request.

Datastore events are not implemented yet.

The Quarkus JFR extension provides a Request ID for event association. See Identifying Requests for more information on Request IDs.

In specific code, the following two steps are required. First, implement traceId and spanId on the new event as follows The @TraceIdRelational and @SpanIdRelational attached to these events will provide the association.

import io.quarkus.jfr.runtime.SpanIdRelational;
import io.quarkus.jfr.runtime.TraceIdRelational;
import jdk.jfr.Description;
import jdk.jfr.Event;
import jdk.jfr.Label;

public class NewEvent extends Event {

    @Label("Trace ID")
    @Description("Trace ID to identify the request")
    @TraceIdRelational
    protected String traceId;

    @Label("Span ID")
    @Description("Span ID to identify the request if necessary")
    @SpanIdRelational
    protected String spanId;

    // other properties which you want to add
    // setters and getters
}

Then you get the information to store in the event from the IdProducer object’s getTraceId() and getSpanId().

import io.quarkus.jfr.runtime.IdProducer;

public class NewInterceptor {

    @Inject
    IdProducer idProducer;

    private void recordedInvoke() {
        NewEvent event = new NewEvent();
        event.begin();

        // The process you want to measure

        event.end();
        if (endEvent.shouldCommit()) {
            event.setTraceId(idProducer.getTraceId());
            event.setSpanId(idProducer.getSpanId());
            // call other setters which you want to add
            endEvent.commit();
        }
    }
}

Configuration Reference

Configuration property fixed at build time - All other configuration properties are overridable at runtime

Configuration property	Type	Default
`quarkus.jfr.enabled` If false, only quarkus-jfr events are not recorded even if JFR is enabled. In this case, Java standard API and virtual machine information will be recorded according to the setting. Default value is `true` Environment variable: `QUARKUS_JFR_ENABLED` Show more	boolean	`true`
`quarkus.jfr.rest.enabled` If false, only REST events in quarkus-jfr are not recorded even if JFR is enabled. In this case, other quarkus-jfr, Java standard API and virtual machine information will be recorded according to the setting. Default value is `true` Environment variable: `QUARKUS_JFR_REST_ENABLED` Show more	boolean	`true`

Configuration property

Type

Default

quarkus.jfr.enabled

If false, only quarkus-jfr events are not recorded even if JFR is enabled. In this case, Java standard API and virtual machine information will be recorded according to the setting. Default value is true

Environment variable: QUARKUS_JFR_ENABLED

boolean

true

quarkus.jfr.rest.enabled

If false, only REST events in quarkus-jfr are not recorded even if JFR is enabled. In this case, other quarkus-jfr, Java standard API and virtual machine information will be recorded according to the setting. Default value is true

Environment variable: QUARKUS_JFR_REST_ENABLED

boolean

true

Prerequisites
Architecture
Creating the Maven project
Open JFR dump file
- jfr CLI
- JDK Mission Control
Events
JFR configuration
Adding new events
Configuration Reference

Using Java Flight Recorder

Prerequisites

Architecture

Creating the Maven project

Examine the Jakarta REST resource

Running Quarkus applications and JFR

Save the JFR events to a file

Open JFR dump file

jfr CLI

JDK Mission Control

Events

Identifying Requests

Event Implementation Policy

REST API Event

Native Image

JFR configuration

Adding new events

Configuration Reference

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